Minnesota’s ban on cryptocurrency ATMs took effect Saturday after state officials said residents had reported losing nearly $1 million in scams involving the machines since 2023.

Democratic Gov. Tim Walz signed legislation on May 4 banning the installation of crypto ATMs, also known as kiosks, which are commonly found in gas stations and convenience stores. Existing machines must be removed from the state by Dec. 31.

The ATMs were being used by criminals to disproportionately target seniors, according to state officials.

Scammers often impersonate law enforcement officers and pressure elderly victims into using nearby crypto ATMs to send money for a loved one’s supposed release from jail, according to Paul Haas, an investigator with Minnesota’s Department of Commerce.

“When victims call our office after a crypto kiosk scam, you can hear the panic and shame in their voices,” Haas said. “By the time victims realize they were deceived, the emotional and financial damage can be devastating.”

Officials also said many of the thefts go unreported because the victims are embarrassed at having been tricked.

Last year alone, there were 70 cases of people falling victim to these kinds of fraud schemes, investigators said. More than $540,000 was lost and the average loss per transaction was nearly $6,800, according to state officials.

Crypto ATM transactions cannot be reversed and are often difficult to trace once the funds reach a scammer’s digital wallet, according to officials in several other states that have reported similar problems.

Transactions made with cryptocurrency are generally irreversible because once they are made, they are recorded on a decentralized blockchain, meaning no central institution can simply cancel them or recover the funds.

Traditional bank transactions, by contrast, pass through centralized financial institutions that may be able to freeze, dispute or reverse certain payments.

U.S. consumer-protection laws also require banks to investigate certain unauthorized electronic transfers, while credit-card customers generally have the right to dispute unauthorized charges through the chargeback process.

Crypto transactions generally do not carry comparable consumer protections, though Congress is attempting to bring digital currency under more stringent federal regulation.

The crypto ATM ban in Minnesota comes as the state faces broader scrutiny over allegations of widespread fraud involving government-funded programs, prompting a growing federal crackdown and renewed criticism of Walz’s oversight of state agencies.

On July 21, the Trump administration froze more than $1 billion in federal Medicaid funding to California and Minnesota over suspected fraud.

The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), led by Mehmet Oz, is withholding more than $200 million from Minnesota while federal officials review what they described as high-risk Medicaid claims and documentation deficiencies.

Days after that announcement, the Department of Justice said four Minnesota men pleaded guilty to stealing $2.2 million from the state’s program to help homeless people. The program was primarily funded through Medicaid.