In this episode, Rabbi Reinman discusses the events of Chanukah in their broad historical context.

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Chapter Forty-three: The First Religious War

On his way back from Alexandria to Syria, Antiochus IV burned with fury and frustration. The priceless prize that was Egypt had been snatched away just when he was about to grasp it. And in such a humiliating way. He was desperate for money. A payment on the onerous indemnity the Romans had imposed on his father was coming due; default was not an option. Moreover, the Parthian upstarts were nibbling at the eastern extremities of his vast kingdom. He needed to muster and equip a large army to defeat them. The solution, he thought, was in Jerusalem. He would stop in Judea on the way back to Antioch, his capital city.

Jerusalem, at this time, was in turmoil. The office of high priest had always been hereditary, and the high priest was the most exalted of the priests, the spiritual leader of the people. That changed, however, in 175 b.c.e. when a Hellenized Jew named Jason bought the office from Antiochus by promising to deliver a high annual tribute. A terrible precedent was established. The office now went to the highest bidder, and the high priest became the de facto political governor in charge of tax collection and sending the annual tribute to Antiochus.

In 172 b.c.e., Jason sent Menelaus, another Hellenized Jew, to deliver the annual tribute to Antiochus. Instead of delivering the money, Menelaus promised to deliver an even larger sum if he would be appointed high priest. Antiochus, always in need of money, appointed Menelaus in Jason’s place. Jason fled across the Jordan River into Ammon.

In 168 b.c.e., as Antiochus was suffering humiliation in Egypt, a rumor reached Judea that he had been killed in battle. Jason saw an opportunity to recover his erstwhile office. He gathered a force of a thousand loyalists and mercenaries and entered Jerusalem. Fighting raged between the followers of the two Hellenized Jews. Blood ran in the streets. Meanwhile, the people faithful to the Torah, who despised both Jason and Menelaus, were caught in the crossfire and suffered greatly.

Antiochus arrived at a Jerusalem convulsed in civil strife. However, instead of settling the dispute, he struck Jerusalem like a thunderclap. He unleashed his soldiers on the population, killing many thousands and carrying off thousands more into slavery. He entered the Holy Temple and sacrificed a pig on the altar to Olympian Zeus, then he entered the Sanctuary and took the golden altar, candelabrum, showbread table and much treasure.

He also issued a royal decree outlawing the practice of the Jewish religion, including Sabbath and festival observance, circumcision, family purity and dietary laws. He ordered all copies of the Torah to be collected and burned, and he made it a capital offense to possess a Torah scroll or violate the decree in any way.

It is difficult to understand why he perpetrated such a violent attack on Jerusalem, especially since both combatants were Hellenized Jews; it is absurd to see it as an emotional reaction to his humiliation in Egypt. Furthermore, if his intent was to quell unrest, why attack the faithful Jews who were not involved in the fighting? On the contrary, attacking the faithful Jews physically and spiritually, even though they were not rebellious, could only radicalize them and make them his enemies …

Read full chapter and earlier chapters at www.rabbireinman.com.